Research Blog #8: Interview

For my topic I got to interview the Rutgers expert on political science and the First Amendment, Elizabeth Hull. Mrs. Hull is a professor and the Chair of the Department of political science at Rutgers-Newark. Since my research is about speech codes on college campuses, her and I had a lengthy discussion over the phone about First Amendment rights on college campuses.
One of the first things that Mrs. Hull made clear was that, "the biggest threat to free speech is a sense of political correctness." Although she made clear what the purpose of speech codes that are in the name of free speech hold. She said that there is a need for universities to have the policies on the books in case there are verbal assaults that are disruptive to the educational process and/or the peaceful environment on campus. Mrs. Hull said that there must be a clear distinction between academic speech and personal assault, citing examples that dealt with racism. This is mainly because no one gains from the personal opinions of someone who is a racist, for example.
One of the main points that Mrs. Hull made is that universities have a responsibility to host all views on campus and that it is vital to the learning process.

Matthew Boyer

Research: College

12-13-13

Professor Goeller

Diminishing First Amendment Rights on Campuses due to Administrative Overreach

Abstract

This analytic paper examines the suppression of speech and expression on college campuses across America. By studying the hundreds of cases regarding university students and faculty such as professors, the purpose for higher education institutions to suppress speech became more clear. The ability of universities to suppress speech comes from speech codes enacted by the schools administrations. These codes work as a mechanism to derail hate speech yet are utilized by universities to subjectively eliminate unwanted speech and expression on campus. The demand to have this control over a university's public image increased with the continued financial issues in higher education. Since funding has become a primary issue for universities, so has good recruitment and therefore public relations management. The reality of this speech manipulation is that such censorship fosters an educational environment that is the antithesis of free academia.

Introduction

The existence of higher education in the United States has always stemmed from the idea that academic freedom and the rights of man are vital to a good citizenry. For well over a hundred years the ideas of liberty and free thought have echoed down the hallways of collegiate institutions, pressuring students and professors to challenge any lifeform of the status quo. Although higher education emerged from the shackles of tyrannical government oversight some years ago, today's universities are suppressing the First Amendment rights of those on their campuses. Both college students and faculty are victims of the subjective enforcement of university speech codes by administrators outside of  the common practice known as due process. The codes are established to protect people from hate speech yet are actually utilized by institutions to cater their public relations desires. A university’s image is increasingly of concern to their administrations in light of  issues regarding their funding. Since college administrations have shifted their financial and bureaucratic focus away from education toward manipulating speech and media on campus it fosters an academic environment that is counter-productive to the aims of higher education and antithetic to the ideal of a free academy.

The main purpose of higher education in a free society is to facilitate the open dialogue and debate that is necessary to disseminate ideas freely regardless of their politics, as the Supreme Court has recognized in the past. The Supreme Court noted this importance in 1957, “Teachers and students must always remain free to inquire, to study and to evaluate, to gain new maturity and understanding; otherwise, our civilizations will stagnate and die” (Sweezy v. New Hampshire qtd. by Lukianoff, p. 19). Americans have historically acknowledged that the purpose of higher education is not limited to the need for an educated workforce, but also to foster an academy that embraces free thought so that all ideas can be heard and considered. This includes the need for universities to be critical of our government, society, each other and themselves. The Supreme Court suggested this notion in regard to their free speech ruling in Gitlow v. New York. The decision was summarized in Unlearning Liberty, “the Supreme Court has interpreted the First Amendment as strongly protecting political dissent, satire, and parody--the very types of speech often attacked on campuses” (Lukianoff, p. 29). In instances regarding speech that is most commonly suppressed on college campuses, the speech is sometimes relates to a particular political viewpoint or critics a given university administration. Although it is easy to deny such allegations against universities as a politically conservative argument against allegedly liberal universities, the numbers indicate the issue to be overwhelmingly prevalent. According to the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (F.I.R.E.),  “68 percent of more than 330 top universities and other schools explicitly ban speech that the First Amendment would protect if uttered off campus” (Taylor, p. 2). This suggests that this problem is not specific to a particular political perspective and that the problem is in fact widespread. The ability for administrators of educational institutions to manipulate speech through the enforcement of their speech codes is not limited to higher education. Ianelli quoted the U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut when he wrote about their decision regarding a case that dealt with offensive speech, “[the] scope of...punishment lay within [the school’s] discretion” (Ianelli, p.1). This suggests that although some speech may be deemed unprotected, especially in public schools, Federal courts have set a standard for handling said speech in which school administrators have little-to-no limitations on how they punish violators. Although the Supreme Court has historically been a proponent of First Amendment rights in academia, many American’s rights have still been undermined by administrators.

University students across America must obey the speech codes at their schools which sometimes include restrictive policies such as free speech zones and additionally established vague standards for speech. Chris Morbitzer at the University of Cincinnati was one of those students. As a member of a political organization on campus, he was unfairly targeted by the University’s administration. This is suggested in a Forbes article illustrating his conflict with the university when it notes, “The free speech zone Cincinnati wanted Morbitzer to restrict his speech to was an out-of-the-way patch of grass the comprised just o.1% of the school’s 137-acre campus” (Perrino, p. 2). The administration forced him and his group, Young Americans for Liberty, to register their advocacy days in advance otherwise he would be arrested and could potentially face jail time. It took a lawsuit between Morbitzer and the University of Cincinnati along with the help of FIRE and public pressure to get the University to change their policy. For a public institution such as this one to so blatantly violate the First Amendment rights of their students in a subjective fashion as done here is contrary to the mission of most public universities like Cincinnati. Speech rights violations are not limited to public institutions though, as is clear when analyzing the 2002 case about Harvard Business School’s newspaper The Harbus. That year the computers went down the week of job interviewing and the paper decided to publish a cartoon spoof about the incident. This is mentioned in Unlearning Liberty when it notes, “For this, the editor of The Harbus and the cartoonists were called into the office of Steve Nelson, the director of the MBA program, who reportedly threatened them with punishment for violating Harvard’s ‘community standards’” (Lukianoff, p. 87-88). Although students generally do have higher standards to accommodate at private and Ivy League institutions such as Harvard, they still have speech rights as American citizens. Through intimidation the Harvard administration was able to have the editor of the newspaper resign and therefore establish a precedent that no students shall criticize the school. The ability of private sector schools to control speech on campus is much greater than public institutions. This is suggested by Conn when he writes about Liberty University’s derecognition of College Democrats, “Meanwhile, the Liberty student Republican club would be allowed to continue as an official university organization with university funding” (Conn, p. 1). Here the notion that private and especially religiously-affiliated universities such as Liberty are able to manipulate speech and expression on campus because of their codes is suggested. Although as a non-profit university Liberty is prohibited from endorsing particular parties and candidates due to tax-exceptions, Liberty took official university recognition away from the College Democrats because they claimed that the national Democratic Party’s stance on certain issues was contradictory to the schools religious philosophy. Although public institutions cannot claim such an offense, as suggested by the other examples of speech violations students across the country in public and private higher education institutions are witnessing their own speech rights decreasing as schools enforce speech codes and zones that limit an individual's ability to exercise their First Amendment rights.

The decreasing ability of people to exercise their First Amendment rights on campus is not just limited to students, but encompases faculty too. Sometimes the administration’s enforcement of their speech codes doesn’t necessarily have political motives but is carried out due to an administrator's personal frustration. This is suggested by Lukianoff when he writes about a professor at the University of Wisconsin--Stout, “[The University] claimed that the posters were removed because their top lawyers believed they ‘constituted an implied threat of violence’” (Lukianoff, p. 142). Below were the two posters that theater Professor James Miller hung outside his office. The first one he put up due to his admiration for the sci-fi movie it references. The second poster was a response to the chief of police and director of parking services taking down the first poster without any complaints by others.                                                         

Although a it took a lawsuit, public pressure and even the actor in the first poster to contact the university for their misinterpretation of the speech to concede, the professor still went through the long fight with the possibility of losing his job simply over expressing himself. Additionally, university administrations have double standards for their own political expression. For example, the president of Columbia University used his position of power to manipulate debate on campus. President Lee Bollinger welcomed then president of Iran Ahmadinejad to speak on campus yet was vocal against ROTC and anti-illegal immigration activists at Columbia. This double standard is illustrated in Free Speech and Double Standards, “This is also the same Bollinger who joined a vote in the university’s Senate in 2005 to continue a 36-year band of ROTC programs ... because of the military’s discrimination (which I, too, deplore) against service members who admit to being gay” (Taylor, p. 1). Even though Bollinger took a strong stance against organizations that discriminate against gays such as the United States military, he applauded himself for his ability to foster open dialogue for hosting one of the most bigoted and anti-LGBT heads of state in the world. When university administrators exercise their power in a fashion that permits particular political speech yet suppressed the rest, what is their purpose?

The ability of university administrators to manipulate speech and expression as just illustrated stems from their justification of speech codes on campus. Speech codes are enacted as mechanisms to promote an ideal society on campus. This notion is suggested by Lukianoff when he writes about a college’s all-encompassing code, “Some of these speech codes promise a pain-free world, like Rhode Island College’s policy stating that the college ‘will not tolerate actions or attitudes that threaten the welfare of any of its members’” (Lukianoff, p. 41). The belief that a public institution is able to micromanage the attitudes of their students is ludacris itself, not to mention the vague nature of “the welfare of others.” These codes are meant to promise their students and potential students a peaceful university which they could picture themselves attending. The enforcement of such codes is the responsibility of administrators that subjectively punish certain speech they deem hateful, offensive or threatening. Many residence life administrators oversee such initiatives at universities and in doing so impose a particular ideal on the student body (Lukianoff, p. 104). The American College Personnel Association is one of the larger umbrella organizations of college administrators that oversees the implementation of residence life programs that promote speech codes. The vice president of ACPA and director of such programs at the University of Delaware Kathleen Kerr even recognized their ultimate purpose in a secret conference the organization held. Kerr said, “With this conference, we relight the candle ... and hate, fear, ignorance, and stupidity will not snuff it out [again]. ... Journey with me towards our revolution of the future” (Kerr qtd. by Lukianoff, p. 106). For administrators like Kerr, residence life programs and related speech codes such as the ones found at the University of Delaware are meant to work as tools that combat any form of hate and ignorance in modern society. Supporters of such codes believe they are doing society justice by molding the minds of the young people who pay to attend their colleges and universities. An example that truly illustrates the idyllic nature of these speech codes is one found at Drexel University, “Harassment includes ‘inconsiderate jokes’ and ‘inappropriately directed laughter’” (Lukianoff, p. 43). The issue with such speech codes is obvious since the basis of our Constitutionally-guaranteed First Amendment rights rely on the conviction that “we all must accept that no argument is ever really over, as it can be challenged if not disproved down the line. Second, no one gets special, unchallengeable claims of ‘personal authority’” (Lukianoff, p. 23). Not only has the rise of residence life programs and speech codes on campuses paralleled an increase in administrative oversight, but the desire to unconstitutionally limit speech via such codes is perpetuated by a drive to be politically correct.

Although much of the justification universities give for having unconstitutional speech codes on their books revolves around catering the sensibilities of their students, administrators normally use them as a public relations tool for the larger university community.  The only way that an anti-free speech movement is able to take root in the United States is if the intentions of the speech limitations are for some greater good. Universities defend their speech codes as purposeful in that they help to combat injustice in our society, although as noted previously the codes not surprisingly wind up being abused for political or personal aspirations. This is know as the “‘GIRA Effect,’ standing for Good Intentions Run Amok” (Lukianoff, p. 28).  Speech codes on college campuses have been around for quite some time but their initial intentions are much different than the reality of their enforcement. The U.S. Department of Education recognized this when they “issued a letter of clarification to practically every single college in the country recognizing that harassment rationales were being abused” (Lukianoff, p. 51). The vast abuse of the speech codes for image related issues or other administrative purposes was so apparent that our country’s own Department of Education has to address the issue. For example, one student at Valdosta State University in Georgia not only had his speech rights violated by the public university’s administration, but in doing so the administration granted the civil student no due process rights. Hayden Barnes, who was an activist on campus was “‘administratively withdrawn,’ effective immediately. Stapled to the note was the only evidence offered for this decision: the collage” (Lukianoff, p. 1). The president of Valdosta State University, Ronald Zaccari, found a political collage made by Barnes to be threatening since it directly called out Zaccari. Since the president had elaborate plans to build an environmentally unfriendly parking garage that would cost $30 million, Barnes engaged himself in some civil protests. The president immediately expelled Barnes from the school and even used mental health records of the student in an attempt to justify his decision. The mere note that Barnes received, without questioning or trial, illustrates the administrative overreach enabled by speech codes such as the one now overturned at Valdosta State University. The president was concerned about his image and the potential of new construction at the university, he did not believe that Hayden Barnes was threatening his life by his environmental protests on campus.

The control of public relations by universities encompases much more than minor protests and has changed since an increase in privatization in higher education. Today colleges and universities are spending much more than they ever have been on their image. This notion is suggested in Honolulu Civil Beat when it mentions expenditures at the University of Hawaii, “Data suggests that UH’s communications expenditures are on par with those at comparable public universities. But many of those institutions have swelling public relations budgets” (Wong, p. 1). The University of Hawaii is spending roughly $65 per person on public relations. This signals the need for universities to recruit more students in an effort to bring more money into the university community. One of the ways schools spend their money is by hiring task forces of educated people to handle the institution's communications. This reality is illustrated in Walden on Wheels when the author talked about his friend’s job, “He had the title of admissions representative, but he was really no more than a ‘glorified telemarketer’” (Ilgunas, p. 135).  Although, the growth of public relations administration is paired with the many other changes in higher education administration. This is suggested in Higher Education and Privatization when it notes that “Privatization includes more centralized decision making, declining acceptance of academic norms, loss of faculty autonomy” (NEA, p. 1). The degree of bureaucracy at any given university has increased with their efforts to privatize.  This bureaucratization has resulted in students like Hayden Barnes being subjected to the centralized authority of Valdosta State University and justified through speech codes. Similarly, a professor at the University of Denver experienced the loss of faculty autonomy that is associated with privatization when his class about the war on drugs was banned from the school and he had been accused of sexual harassment (Lukianoff, p. 51). Professor Arthur Gilbert had to stop his course and attend training for the racy content in his class, that according to the school’s policy on harassment, made him guilty of sexual harassment. News of such instances rarely leaves universities as suggested by Scott Jaschik who works on issues related to higher education, “‘What I get relatively few of are pitches that relate to the hot ideas, debates and criticisms in higher education today” (Jaschik qtd. by Wynne, p. 2). Here Jaschik is suggesting that universities, since they have strong control over their media relations, don’t allow all stories such as ones critical of the university to surface. Although Lori Packer of the University of Rochester suggests this might be necessary when she states that “With increasing attacks on public spending for research ... I’d argue it is more incumbent upon us than ever to get our own stories out there” (Packer qtd. by Cohen, p. 2). Packer, as someone part of a public institution, notes that it is vital for the existence of universities such as hers to have this progressive management over their media relations since their image has never been more important. The micromanagement of speech and expression on campus has become a more prevalent trend as issues concerning the image of the university take priority over the true meaning of academia.

The results of limiting First Amendment rights on college campuses does not just promote a political agenda, but especially undermines the sole purpose of a free academia in a free society. The results of dumbing down debate as is done when speech codes and public image take priority over true education are already visible. The First Amendment Center released a survey in 2009 that found that 39% of Americans are ignorant to even one right in the First Amendment (Lukianoff, p.17). If students are not even aware of what rights they have as individuals, it is especially hard for them to defend themselves when they are being violated. A piece in the American University Law Review illustrated the this impact on academia well, “By failing to apply sufficiently rigorous scrutiny to school officials’ justifications for the silencing of student dissent, courts become complicit in schools dereliction of their duty to help students acquire the capabilities of citizenship” (Brown, p. 18). In other words, those accountable for enabling such an academic environment as found in higher education today are failing future generations of Americans. When administrators suppress speech, when courts fail to defend students and when students cannot truly learn, the whole purpose of higher education falls on its face. If students grow up in an academic environment in which they are not actually challenging everything they know and are learning, then such students are not being enlightened.  As Lukianoff put it, “Unfortunately, comfortable minds are often not thinking ones” (Lukianoff, p.34). The prioritization of public image over true discourse at colleges and universities simply does a disservice to the whole country.

In conclusion, First Amendment rights on college campuses have been under attack via speech codes and zones due to university administrations’ prioritization of public relations that has lead them to subjectively enforce said codes in an effort to maintain a good image. The result of such a bureaucratic expansion has mainly impacted the rigour of a genuinely free academy. In the event that students and professors must accommodate ridiculous and all-encompassing speech codes in an effort to avoid punishment, the outcome is an educational environment that is not educational at all.  

Bibliography

Brown, Josie F. "INSIDE VOICES: PROTECTING THE STUDENT-CRITIC IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS." American University Law Review (2012): n. pag. ProQuest. Web.

Cohen, Geogry. "The Future of Public Relations Higher Ed." Meet Content 11 Oct. 2011: n. pag. Web.

Conn, Joseph L. "PARTISAN POWER PLAY: AU Complains To IRS After Jerry Falwell's Liberty University Excommunicates College Democrats." Church & State (2009): n. pag. ProQuest. July 2009. Web.

"Fascism." Cartoon. Infinite Unknown. N.p., n.d. Web.

Haynes, Charles C. "HAYNES: College Campuses Have Been Zoning out Protected Free Speech." Clarksville Leaf Chronicle. N.p., 7 Oct. 2013. Web. 8 Oct. 2013.

Hentoff, Nat. ""Speech Codes" On The Campus and Problems of Free Speech." (1991): 1-5. Print.

Ianelli, James F. "Punishment and Student Speech: Straining the Reach of the First Amendment." Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy (2010): n. pag.ProQuest Political Science. Web.

Ilgunas, Ken.  Walden on Wheels: On the Open Road from Debt to Freedom.  Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2013.  Print

Lukianoff, Greg. Unlearning Liberty: Campus Censorship and the End of American Debate. New York: Encounter, 2012. Print.

NEA Higher Education Research Center.  “Higher Education and Privatization.”  NEA Update.  10.2 (March 2004). Web.

Perrino, Nicco. "How One College Student Fought His School's 'Free Speech Zone' - And Won." Forbes. N.p., 13 Sept. 2013. Web. 8 Oct. 2013.

Taylor, Stuart. "Free Speech and Double Standards." National Journal (2007): n. pag.ProQuest Political Science. Web.

Wong, Alia. "UH Spending Millions on PR Efforts to Get Its Message Out." Honolulu Civil Beat. N.p., 25 Mar. 2013. Web.

Wynne, Robert. "Lessons In Higher Education Public Relations." Forbes. N.p., 30 July 2013. Web.

You Don't Know Me, Son. N.d. Photograph. Bleeding Cool. 28 Dec. 2011. Web.

Literature Review #5

Conn, Joseph L. "PARTISAN POWER PLAY: AU Complains To IRS After Jerry Falwell's Liberty University Excommunicates College Democrats." Church & State (2009): n. pag. ProQuest. July 2009. Web.

Review: The piece titled "Partisan Power Play: AU Complains to IRS After Jerry Falwell's Liberty University Excommunicates College Democrats" highlights the legal issues with censorship by universities. Although Liberty University is not a public institution, it is a tax-exempt institution and therefore they are required to no be partisan. The argument Americans United have is that the university is violating these laws by banning the College Democrats from being part of campus unlike the College Republicans. This pieces offers an interesting perspective because it provides a unique legal perspective in regard to the misconduct of universities regarding speech. Also, it shoes the odd political nature of censorship on campus.

Research Blog #9: Argument and Counter-Argument

My Argument: Today students at colleges and universities across the nation have very little individual rights, and this is especially true to their First Amendment rights. This reality is true to both private and public universities. It is of concern to both private and public institutions because it is contrary to the ideal of academia to censor students and professors. It is of concern to public universities in that they are essentially a form of our government and are directly involved in censoring the American people, that just happen to be young adults who are pursuing their undergraduate degrees. Higher education institutions across the country have vague speech codes that limit the free speech rights of their students, essentially encompassing any speech that offends someone and then that someone reports it. Additionally, universities are involved in enabling group think, indoctrinating their students through pushing a political agenda and in doing so violate the right of due process. All of this is at the expense of a truly free and academic environment. This kind of behavior by universities does not promote any legitimate educational environment and therefore fails to actually educate its students but succeeds in its political indoctrination. It is also a mechanism for universities to repel criticism of themselves and to manipulate their image, although this sometimes backfires once public criticism becomes strong enough.
The Counter-Argument: At this point, I am still searching for a blatant argument for the censorship of speech on campus -- or at least one that is comparable to the information I have against this kind of practice. But this is how the argument goes:
There are opinions in the world, especially true to college campuses, that are blatantly unethical and/or immoral. They are racist, sexist, bigoted, ignorant, nonfactual -- you name it. The idea is that these opinions simply promote hate and therefore violence, and that they are intimidating and offensive to certain minority groups in history. Therefore, this type of speech should be restricted on university grounds. This encompasses speech that criticizes the universities. Such speech should not be permitted on the grounds of equality and sensibility for others and should especially be realized by those who are white. It is the job of colleges and universities to eradicate this speech from society (eventually) by regulating this kind of speech for generations on college campuses, instead of actually allowing free speech and free expression to occur. Which, is the environment academia has historically striven to foster. The argument that speech must be regulated and that it is fair for universities to act in the unconstitutional way that they have been, is found all throughout my sources against it. Since the obvious unconstitutional nature of their argument is perfect for a counter-argument.

Research Blog #6: Visual

Just some cartoons to illustrate how college students may feel these days...

Research Blog #7: Case

The speech rights of citizens are vital to the existence of a free world, and this includes students. A democratic system, and more importantly the ideals of democracy in a new generation of students, will fail to exist if higher education continues to push a political agenda through administrative policy regarding free speech. Today colleges and universities across the nation are using tactics such as "free speech zones." The ability that federal courts have indirectly provided administrations with in regard to their punishment of student speech has been detrimental to the practice of free speech in educational environments.The policies which foster this behavior and the lack of retaliation from staff and the academic community only enable this kind of "academic" environment to occur. Meanwhile, this ability to manipulate speech and therefore debate by administrators on a college campus greatly impacts the potential perspectives, creating bias viewpoints among students.

Literature Review #4

The scholarly article "Free Speech and Double Standards" by Stuart Taylor that was published int he National Journal may be the best piece I have come across in my research thus far. The piece, which examines the inconsistency in speech-related concerns a colleges and universities. The main example of this "double standard" is Columbia University's president Lee Bollinger's oddly gracious welcoming of the "Holocaust-denying, terrorism sponsoring, nuke-seeking, wipe-Israel-off-the-map-threatening, we-got-no-gay-in-Iran-spouting" previous Iranian president Ahmadinejad. There is not an issue with the university's acceptance of the Iranian official per-say, but as Taylor notes what is unacceptable is the administration's silence on the rejection of a mere anti-illegal-immigration activist at about the same time. Similarly, the president was supportive of the historical ban of ROTC programs at Columbia due to the military's (at the time) discrimination against openly gay people, yet he claimed to be a champion of open debate when graciously welcoming the bigoted and homophobic Iranian president. This analysis of how freedom of expression can be manipulated on college campuses illustrates how a university -- or even a sole administrator -- can push a political agenda on a whole generation of students.
Taylor, Stuart. "Free Speech and Double Standards." National Journal (2009): 1-3. ProQuest Political Science. Web.

Literary Review #3

The scholarly article "Punishment and Student Speech: Straining the Reach of the First Amendment" by James F. Ianelli analyzes the legal implications of the court cases regarding the First Amendment rights of students. According the Ianelli, the approach to judicial review that the lower courts and the supreme court has taken in regard to student speech has resulted in the suppression of student speech. Citing court cases such as Gertz v. Welch and Marks v. United States, Ianelli makes the case that the inconsistent verdicts regarding the first amendment (more specific on obscenity than other forms of speech, etc.) foster an environment where school administrators and officials have more power than is just in dictating the punishment of students for their speech. Ianelli believes that one of the main injustices that occurs regarding the speech of students is the lack of restriction on the punishment they receive.

Ianelli, James F. "Punishment and Student Speech: Straining the Reach of the First Amendment." Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy (2010): n. pag.ProQuest Political Science. Web.

Literature Review #2

One of the the pieces I will be using for my research project is "'Speech Codes' on The Campus and Problems with Free Speech" by Nat Hentoff. To provide some background on the author, he is a nationally-renowned American historian and culture critic who has wrote for the The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Times and The New York Times among several other publications. Additionally, he is on the Board of Advisers for the Foundation for Individual Rights on Campus (F.I.R.E.). He is known for several subject areas regarding his journalism, especially defending free speech and civil liberties as well as his critique of jazz music. In this piece Hentoff took issue with the ongoing use and evolution of speech codes on college campuses.
In "'Speech Codes' on The Campus and Problems with Free Speech," Hentoff argues that there has been a shift in academia toward a degree of political correctness that is not conducive to reality nor does it reflect true education. Hentoff illustrates the realities of speech codes at several Ivy-League universities and how they are defended as mechanisms to derail hate speech -- racist, sexist, homophobic speech -- on  campus. Though he takes issue with this notion and suggests that said speech codes are inadvertently racist and more offensive themselves. One of Hentoff's main point though, is that speech codes on college campuses, in addition to the fear of being in the minority in regard to political opinion (held both by students and faculty), fosters an environment that is not at all freedom-oriented.

Research Blog. #5: Bibliography

Working Bibliography

Byers, Dylan. "Shield Law Broadens Definition of 'journalist'" POLITICO. N.p., 9 Sept. 12. Web. 08 Oct. 2013.

Brown, Josie F. "INSIDE VOICES: PROTECTING THE STUDENT-CRITIC IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS." American University Law Review (2012): n. pag. ProQuest. Web.

Conn, Joseph L. "PARTISAN POWER PLAY: AU Complains To IRS After Jerry Falwell's Liberty University Excommunicates College Democrats." Church & State (2009): n. pag. ProQuest. July 2009. Web.

Haynes, Charles C. "HAYNES: College Campuses Have Been Zoning out Protected Free Speech." Clarksville Leaf Chronicle. N.p., 7 Oct. 2013. Web. 8 Oct. 2013.

Hentoff, Nat. ""Speech Codes" On The Campus and Problems of Free Speech." (1991): 1-5. Print.

Ianelli, James F. "Punishment and Student Speech: Straining the Reach of the First Amendment." Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy (2010): n. pag.ProQuest Political Science. Web.

Taylor, Stuart. "Free Speech and Double Standards." National Journal (2007): n. pag.ProQuest Political Science. Web.
Lukianoff, Greg. Unlearning Liberty: Campus Censorship and the End of American Debate. New York: Encounter, 2012. Print.

Perrino, Nicco. "How One College Student Fought His School's 'Free Speech Zone' - And Won." Forbes. N.p., 13 Sept. 2013. Web. 8 Oct. 2013.

Research Blog #4: Research Proposal

Matthew Boyer

Professor Goeller

Research in the Disciplines: College!

October 15, 2013

Research Proposal

Working Title: Freedom of Speech on College Campuses: A Not-So-Free Reality

Topic

The individual rights of man are cherished in America and this especially pertains to our freedom of speech granted to us in the First Amendment. Today on college campuses across the nation students not only struggle with paying for tuition and obtaining a job after graduation, but they also have limits on their freedom of expression while on campus. There has been a long history of liberal arts universities utilizing obscure speech policies that in turn foster a college environment that does in fact limit the speech of their students -- individuals who have the inalienable right to free speech. Much of the debate on this issue is centered from the viewpoint that having these speech policies help to protect students and those in the university community from hate speech. The definition of hate speech is a fine line and can and does get crossed by universities in several cases, past and present, that limit the First Amendment rights of their students.

Research Question

The main question in regard to the freedom of speech on campus is this: Why have these obscure policies that blatantly limit the rights of man not been found to be unconstitutional by the courts and how are they not reject by university staff? I believe this research question does prompt sufficient debate because of the original nature of the topic as well as the fact that it is about constitutional rights. The debate over the First Amendment is an ongoing one that the nation continuously addresses in times of controversy regarding incidents that reflect said rights. The reason researching this topic is manageable in its scope, despite the vague nature of the First Amendment, is that the focus is on college campuses, free speech zones and student run media. This allows the research to be narrow and conclusive.

Theoretical Frame

There will be a couple of theories that directly apply the research topic of First Amendment rights on college campuses. First and foremost will be the theory behind the constitution. The individual rights of man, of all citizens, regardless of their make, will be the a huge concern. Additionally, the theory behind academic freedom will be applied to the research as well. This is important since many of the sources that surface in the research are about liberal arts colleges limiting their students freedom of expression -- which is the antithesis of liberal arts academic freedom.

Research and Plan

There are many other time-relevant questions that surface in the research of the First Amendment rights of students on college campuses. This is especially true to the use of technology and how students express their concerns about politics, their university and other issues on social media. Additionally, research thus far has suggested a change in journalism’s future including the use of Wikileaks and the broadening of the definition of a journalist. I have a particular interest in case studies regarding student political groups and media on college campuses. These cases normally involve the courts and have interesting verdicts that don’t always challenge existing speech policies.

I believe that the general notion of my research question as a quality one, though I admit it could be more focused. As my research continues and I am therefore able to draw themes between my sources, I believe I will be able to more focus my proposed research question. Though, my question is not too basic. I believe my question is relevant to all Americans -- students, professors, administrators, parents, politicians and journalists -- because the erosion of one’s free speech on the college campus, especially as a student, is simply unjust. Therefore, questioning the ability of universities to get away with such behavior in correlation with an analysis of related court cases will help to draw conclusive evidence. Since colleges and universities are wildly changing their administrative behavior in light of privatization of higher education, it is important to not forget about the individual rights of students man.

Working Bibliography

Hentoff, Nat. ""Speech Codes" On The Campus and Problems of Free Speech." (1991): 1-5. Print.

Lukianoff, Greg. Unlearning Liberty: Campus Censorship and the End of American Debate. New York: Encounter, 2012. Print.

Perrino, Nicco. "How One College Student Fought His School's 'Free Speech Zone' - And Won." Forbes. N.p., 13 Sept. 2013. Web. 8 Oct. 2013.

Haynes, Charles C. "HAYNES: College Campuses Have Been Zoning out Protected Free Speech." Clarksville Leaf Chronicle. N.p., 7 Oct. 2013. Web. 8 Oct. 2013.

Byers, Dylan. "Shield Law Broadens Definition of 'journalist'" POLITICO. N.p., 9 Sept. 12. Web. 08 Oct. 2013.

Research Proposal

Matthew Boyer

The individual rights of man are cherished in America and this especially pertains to our freedom of speech granted to us in the First Amendment. Today on college campuses across the nation students not only struggle with paying for tuition and obtaining a job after school, but they also have limits on their freedom of expression while on campus. There has been a long history of liberal arts universities utilizing obscure speech policies that in turn foster a college environment that does in fact limit the speech of their students, individuals who have the right to free speech. Much of the debate on this issue is centered from the viewpoint that having these speech policies help to protect students and those in the university community from hate speech. The definition of hate speech is a fine line and can and does get crossed by universities in several cases, past and present, that limit the First Amendment rights of their students.

The main question in regard to the freedom of speech on campus is this: Why have these obscure policies that blatantly limit the rights of man not found to be unconstitutional by the courts and how are they not reject by university staff? I believe this research question does prompt sufficient debate because of the original nature of the topic as well as the fact that it is about constitutional rights. The debate over the First Amendment -- along with many others such as the Second -- is an ongoing one that the nation continuously addresses in times of controversy regarding incidents that reflect said rights. The reason researching this topic is manageable in its scope, despite the vague nature of the First Amendment, is that the focus is on college campuses, free speech zones and student run media. This allows the research to be narrow and conclusive.

There will be a couple of theories that directly apply the research topic of First Amendment rights on college campuses. First and foremost will be the theory behind the constitution. The individual rights of man, of all citizens, regardless of their make, will be the a huge concern. Additionally, the theory behind academic freedom will be applied to the research as well. This is important since many of the sources that surface in the research are about liberal arts colleges limiting their students freedom of expression -- which is the antithesis of liberal arts academic freedom.

There are many other time-relevant questions that surface in the research of the First Amendment rights of students on college campuses. This is especially true to the use of technology and how students express their concerns about politics, their university and other issues on social media. Additionally, research thus far has suggested a change in journalism’s future including the use of Wikileaks and the broadening of the definition of a journalist. I have a particular interest in case studies regarding student political groups and media on college campuses. These cases normally involve the courts and have interesting verdicts that don’t always challenge existing speech policies.

I believe that the general notion of my research question as a quality one, though I admit it could be more focused. As my research continues and I am therefore able to draw themes between my sources, I believe I will be able to more focus my proposed research question. Though, my question is not too basic. I believe my question is relevant to all Americans -- students, professors, administrators, parents, politicians and journalists -- because the erosion of one’s free speech on the college campus, especially as a student, is simply unjust. Therefore, questioning the ability of universities to get away with such behavior in correlation with an analysis of related court cases will help to draw conclusive evidence. Since colleges and universities are wildly changing their administrative behavior in light of privatization of higher education, it is important to not forget about the individual rights of students man.

Bibliography

Hentoff, Nat. ""Speech Codes" On The Campus and Problems of Free Speech." (1991): 1-5. Print.

Lukianoff, Greg. Unlearning Liberty: Campus Censorship and the End of American Debate. New York: Encounter, 2012. Print.

Perrino, Nicco. "How One College Student Fought His School's 'Free Speech Zone' - And Won." Forbes. N.p., 13 Sept. 2013. Web. 8 Oct. 2013.

Haynes, Charles C. "HAYNES: College Campuses Have Been Zoning out Protected Free Speech." Clarksville Leaf Chronicle. N.p., 7 Oct. 2013. Web. 8 Oct. 2013.

Byers, Dylan. "Shield Law Broadens Definition of 'journalist'" POLITICO. N.p., 9 Sept. 12. Web. 08 Oct. 2013.

Literary Review Blog #1:

Here is the book on Google Books that I will be using for my project. Titled, "Unlearning Liberty: Campus Censorship and the End of American Debate," Greg Lukianoff dives into the realities of speech on college campuses.

Lukianoff, Greg. Unlearning Liberty: Campus Censorship and the End of American Debate. New York: Encounter, 2012. Print.

In his book, Lukainoff ventures into the world of a first year student at college. In doing so, he exposes the array of free speech violations universities impose on their students. He describes the academic environment in which this kind of behavior resides, by exposing universities for framing debates and supporting things such as group think. Additionally, and related to my earlier blog post about a "free speech zone" at the University of Cincinnati, Lukianoff illustrates the limited speech rights that students have in academia today. Additionally, he covers controversies related to big names in politics including Rush Limbaugh and Jon Stewart. Greg Lukianoff is a First Amendment lawyer and the President of FIRE (The Foundation for Individual Rights in Education). He has penned articles that published in The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post and several other media outlets. Today he is a blogger for the Huffington Post. His track record on civil liberties and his advocacy for free speech, especially on college campuses, is unmatched by most in the national debate today. Some of the key terms he uses in the book include: liberty, authority, censorship and free speech.

Some pertinent quotes (Note: the online version on Google Books does not have page numbers though I counted my own from the start of the introduction):

1.) "The VSU president's attitude towards dissent is replicated by administrators both high and low at too many colleges across the country  where differences of opinion are not viewed as opportunities to learn or to think through ideas. Instead, dissent is regarded as a nuisance at best, and sometimes as an outright threat--even when it's only about parking garages" (2).

To introduce this next quote: A student at VSU was expelled from the university because of his environmentalist collage and was therefore, according to the administration, a "clear and present danger."

2.) "For First Amendment layers, students of history, and fans of Tom Clancy, 'clear and present danger' is a legal doctrine arising from World War I that refers to grave threats to the nation  itself, such as encouraging sabotage, espionage, outright revolt, or other forms of terrorism and treason" (2).

Though a good verdict came out of this case...

3.) "In light of this evidence, the court ruled that President Zaccari had violated Hayden's due process rights so clearly and brazenly that he should be held personally and financially liable for damages" (4).

All of the material in this book will help to further research my topic for several reasons. First of all it compiles many different areas that relate to free speech on campus, providing one cohesive argument and therefore source against the violations of free speech on campuses. Secondly, it provides many specific examples of how and where freedom of speech has been violated on college campuses.

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